Sexually transmitted fungal infections are infections passed through sexual contact. While certain fungal infections like thrush can sometimes be transmitted this way, a specific type of ringworm, Trichophyton mentagrophytes type VII (TMVII), is recognised as a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
This guide explains the types, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for these infections, providing clear and objective information for sexually active adults in Singapore.
What Are Fungal Infections?
Fungi are microorganisms, such as yeasts and moulds, that are present in our environment. Most are harmless, but some can cause infections on the skin, nails, and other parts of the body. Fungal infections, also known as mycoses, occur when a fungus overgrows or when an invading fungus takes hold. These organisms typically thrive in warm and moist environments.
Common examples of fungal infections that many people are familiar with include athlete’s foot, which affects the feet, and ringworm, which can appear on the skin in various places. Genital fungal infections can affect both men and women, causing discomfort and irritation.
Fungal Infections and Sexual Contact
It is important to understand the relationship between fungal infections and sexual contact. Not all fungal infections that affect the genital area are classified as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). An STI is an infection that is primarily spread through sexual activity.
Many genital fungal infections, such as candidiasis (thrush), can develop for reasons unrelated to sex, like changes in the body’s natural balance of microorganisms. However, the physical contact involved in sexual activity can spread these fungi from one person to another.
Therefore, while some fungal infections are not true STIs, sexual contact can be a method of transmission or a trigger for symptoms.
Types of Fungal Infections Associated with Sexual Transmission
Several types of fungal infections can be transmitted or exacerbated by sexual contact. These range from common yeast infections to a more recently identified fungal STI. Understanding the differences is key to seeking the right diagnosis and treatment.
Trichophyton mentagrophytes type VII (TMVII)
A particular fungal infection that is gaining recognition as an STI is caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes type VII, or TMVII. This fungus is a type of dermatophyte, which is a group of fungi that cause infections on the skin, hair, and nails, commonly known as ringworm or tinea.
Unlike other forms of ringworm that are spread through contact with contaminated surfaces or animals, TMVII is primarily spread through direct, close skin-to-skin contact, most often during sex.
Initially, cases were more frequently reported among men who have sex with men (MSM), but it is important to understand that anyone who is sexually active can contract TMVII. The symptoms of a TMVII infection can be more persistent and severe than those of typical ringworm. The symptoms often include painful, itchy, and widespread rashes or lesions.
These rashes usually appear as red, scaly patches that may be ring-shaped. They can develop on the genitals, buttocks, and groin area, and may also spread to other parts of the body, like the limbs and face. Due to its appearance, it can sometimes be misdiagnosed as other skin conditions, such as eczema.
Candidiasis (Thrush or Yeast Infection)
Candidiasis, commonly known as thrush or a yeast infection, is caused by an overgrowth of a yeast-like fungus called Candida albicans. This fungus naturally lives in small amounts in the mouth, gut, and vagina without causing harm.
An infection occurs when conditions in the body change, allowing the Candida to multiply excessively. While thrush is not officially classified as an STI, it can be passed between sexual partners. Sexual intercourse can also disrupt the vagina’s natural environment, sometimes triggering an overgrowth of yeast and leading to an infection.
In women, the symptoms of vaginal thrush are quite distinct. They often include significant itching, soreness, and irritation in and around the vagina. A characteristic symptom is a thick, white vaginal discharge that is often described as resembling cottage cheese. Women may also experience a burning sensation during urination or discomfort during intercourse.
In men, a Candida infection on the penis is known as candidal balanitis. Symptoms include redness, swelling, and soreness on the head of the penis (glans) and under the foreskin. There might be an itchy rash and a thick, white, clumpy discharge found under the foreskin. Some men also experience pain during urination and difficulty pulling back their foreskin.
Tinea Cruris (Jock Itch)
Tinea cruris, more commonly known as jock itch, is another fungal infection caused by dermatophytes. It affects the skin in the groin area, inner thighs, and buttocks. Like thrush, jock itch is not strictly considered an STI. It is often caused by sweating and wearing tight clothing that traps moisture, creating an ideal environment for fungi to grow.
However, it can be spread from person to person through close physical contact, which includes sexual activity. It can also be transmitted by sharing contaminated towels or clothing. The main symptom of jock itch is an itchy, red rash that often has a ring-like shape with a raised border. The skin within the rash may be scaly or have small blisters.
Causes and Risk Factors for Genital Fungal Infections
The primary cause of sexually transmitted fungal infections like TMVII is direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual during sexual activity. For other fungal infections like thrush, sexual contact is one of several possible contributing factors. Various factors can increase a person’s risk of developing a genital fungal infection.
A weakened immune system can make a person more susceptible to all types of infections, including fungal ones. This can be due to underlying medical conditions such as HIV or diabetes, or from taking certain medications like corticosteroids or chemotherapy drugs. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can also be a risk factor, as these medications can kill off the beneficial bacteria that help keep fungi like Candida in check.
Poorly managed diabetes is another significant risk factor. High blood sugar levels can create a favourable environment for fungal growth. Lifestyle factors also play a role. Poor personal hygiene can contribute to the development of infections.
Furthermore, wearing tight-fitting or synthetic clothing can trap heat and moisture, especially in the genital area, creating the perfect breeding ground for fungi. Sharing personal items that come into contact with the skin, such as towels, underwear, or sex toys, can also facilitate the spread of fungal infections between individuals.
Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Fungal Infections
If you suspect you have a genital fungal infection, it is essential to seek a professional medical diagnosis. Self-diagnosing can be unreliable, as the symptoms of fungal infections can overlap with those of bacterial STIs, viral infections, or other skin conditions. An accurate diagnosis ensures you receive the most effective treatment.
The diagnostic process typically begins with a consultation and physical examination. Here are the steps involved:
- A doctor will ask about your symptoms, sexual history, and general health.
- The doctor will then perform a physical examination to look at the affected area, assessing the appearance of the rash, lesions, or discharge.
- To confirm a fungal infection, a skin scraping may be performed. This simple procedure involves gently scraping a small sample of skin from the affected area. The sample is then treated with a potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution and examined under a microscope to look for fungal cells.
- In some cases, especially if a TMVII infection is suspected, a fungal culture may be necessary. For this test, the skin sample is sent to a laboratory where it is placed in a special medium to encourage any fungi present to grow. This allows for the precise identification of the specific fungal species causing the infection.
- Occasionally, if the diagnosis is still unclear, a skin biopsy might be recommended. This involves removing a very small piece of skin for detailed analysis in a lab.
Treatment Options for Fungal Infections
The treatment for a genital fungal infection will depend on the type of fungus identified and the severity of the infection. Fortunately, most fungal infections can be effectively treated with antifungal medications. It is crucial to follow the doctor’s instructions and complete the full course of treatment to prevent the infection from returning.
For milder infections like thrush or jock itch, topical treatments are often sufficient. These come in the form of creams, ointments, or powders that are applied directly to the affected skin. They work by killing the fungus or stopping its growth.
For more severe, widespread, or persistent infections, such as those caused by TMVII, oral medications are usually required. These medications, taken as tablets or capsules, work systemically throughout the body to clear the infection.
Common oral antifungals include terbinafine and itraconazole. The duration of treatment with oral medications can vary, sometimes lasting for several weeks or even a few months. It is vital to take the medication exactly as prescribed for the entire duration, even if symptoms start to improve. Stopping treatment early can lead to a recurrence of the infection.
In addition to medication, it is important to notify your sexual partners. They may also need to be examined and treated, even if they do not have symptoms. This helps prevent you from being reinfected and stops the further spread of the infection.
Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Fungal Infections
Taking proactive steps can help reduce your risk of contracting or spreading fungal infections. This involves a combination of safe sex practices, good personal hygiene, and general health awareness.
Using condoms during sexual activity can reduce direct skin-to-skin contact, which may lower the risk of transmitting some fungal infections. However, condoms do not cover the entire genital area, so they may not offer complete protection if the rash or lesions are present on uncovered skin, such as the scrotum or buttocks. Open and honest communication with your sexual partners about your sexual health is also a key component of prevention.
Good personal hygiene is fundamental. Keep your genital area clean and dry, as fungi thrive in moist conditions. After washing, dry the area thoroughly. Wearing loose-fitting clothing and underwear made from natural, breathable fabrics like cotton can help minimise moisture buildup. It is also advisable to avoid sharing personal items such as towels, underwear, and bathing suits.
Maintaining your overall health can also strengthen your body’s ability to fight off infections. A balanced diet and regular exercise can support a healthy immune system. For individuals with conditions like diabetes, managing blood sugar levels effectively is also important for preventing fungal overgrowth.
When to See a Doctor
It is advisable to consult a doctor whenever you notice any unusual symptoms in your genital area. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to managing the condition effectively and preventing complications or further transmission. You should make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you experience symptoms such as an unexplained rash, sores, persistent itching, or any unusual discharge.
If you have tried an over-the-counter antifungal cream and your symptoms have not improved or have worsened, it is a clear sign that you need professional medical advice. Similarly, if you experience recurrent fungal infections, there may be an underlying issue that needs to be addressed.
If you are concerned that you may have been exposed to an STI through a sexual partner, getting tested is a responsible step for your health and the health of others. A doctor can provide a confidential and accurate diagnosis, ensuring you get the right treatment plan for your specific condition.
Conclusion On Sexually Transmitted Fungal Infections
In summary, while many common fungal infections can be spread through close contact, including sex, the emergence of Trichophyton mentagrophytes type VII (TMVII) highlights a true fungal STI that requires specific medical attention.
Understanding the symptoms of conditions like TMVII, thrush, and jock itch is important for sexually active individuals. The key to managing these infections lies in obtaining an accurate diagnosis from a healthcare professional, as symptoms can mimic other conditions.
Practising good personal hygiene and communicating with sexual partners can help reduce the risk of transmission. Ultimately, seeking timely medical advice for any genital symptoms is crucial for effective treatment and your overall well-being.
Our experienced team of healthcare professionals specialises in diagnosing and treating sexually transmitted diseases. From same-day STD testing to homebased health screening, we deliver accurate and reliable care tailored to your needs.
Frequently Asked Questions About Sexually Transmitted Fungal Infections
Can a Fungal Infection Be Sexually Transmitted?
Yes, certain fungal infections can be transmitted through sexual contact. Trichophyton mentagrophytes type VII (TMVII) is a type of ringworm that is primarily transmitted sexually. Other infections, like thrush (candidiasis) and jock itch, are not exclusively STIs but can be passed between partners during intimate skin-to-skin contact.
What Does a Sexually Transmitted Fungal Infection Look Like?
The appearance varies depending on the type of fungus. A TMVII infection often presents as a red, scaly, and itchy ring-shaped rash that can be painful. It typically appears on the genitals, buttocks, or groin. Genital thrush in women can cause a thick, white vaginal discharge and intense itching, while in men, it can lead to redness, swelling, and soreness on the head of the penis, a condition known as balanitis.
How Do You Get Rid of a Fungal STD?
Treatment for a fungal infection requires antifungal medications prescribed by a doctor. The specific treatment depends on the infection’s severity and type. Milder cases may be treated with topical creams or ointments. More severe or persistent infections, like TMVII, usually require a course of oral antifungal tablets. It is essential to complete the full treatment course to prevent the infection from returning.
What Is the New Fungal STD?
The fungal infection that has recently gained attention as a sexually transmitted infection is Trichophyton mentagrophytes type VII (TMVII). This is a specific subtype of the fungus that causes ringworm. Unlike other forms of ringworm, TMVII is primarily spread through sexual contact and can cause a more severe and difficult-to-treat skin infection.
How Do I Know if I Have a Genital Fungal Infection?
Common signs of a genital fungal infection include itching, redness, irritation, a rash, or an unusual discharge. However, these symptoms are not unique to fungal infections and can be caused by other STIs or skin conditions. The only way to be certain is to see a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis, which may involve a physical examination and laboratory testing of a skin sample.
Can a Yeast Infection Be Passed to a Man?
Yes, the fungus that causes a vaginal yeast infection (Candida) can be transmitted to a male partner during sexual intercourse. If a man develops symptoms, it is called candidal balanitis. This condition involves inflammation, redness, itching, and sometimes a white discharge on the head of the penis. However, it is quite common for men to carry the fungus without showing any symptoms at all.
